Histopathology Mock

Which of the following is correct about the human genome??

1. There are more protein-coding genes than the non-protein coding genes
2. Non-coding genes have regulatory roles over the coding gene
3. Different cells of the body have different genetic composition
4. Histones form the building blocks for the DNA of matured cells
5. Micro-RNAs are examples of protein-coding genes

A 4yr old female was presented to the clinic with tattoos growing grapelike polypoid rounded bulky masses protruding from her vagina. Histology showed tumour cells to be small round with bluish nuclei and some striations in the cytoplasm. The diagnosis of the tumour is

1. Clear cell carcinoma
2. Juvenile polyps
3. Small cell carcinoma
4. Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
5. Anogenital warts

With respect to epidemiological characteristics of breast carcinoma, which of the following is correct?

1. Breast cancer mostly occur in Caucasian women that are in their 5th decade of life
2. Inheritance of BRCA1 mutations confers up to 80% risk for breast cancer by age 30
3. Breast cancer in black women have better prognosis than those in Caucasians
4. Triple negative breast cancers and HER2 breast cancers comprises of breast cancer in old women
5. Most breast cancer diagnosed in women of African descent occurs in the 6th decade of life

The defective inflammatory function responsible for this clinical condition is

1. Defective leukocytes adhesion
2. Defective formation of phagolysosomes
3. Decreased oxidative outburst
4. Abnormalities in clearance of complement fractions
5. Abnormalities in lysosomal membrane traffic

This condition arises because one of the following set of molecules is produced in abnormal forms

1. P-selectin and L-selectin
2. V-CAM-1 and ICAM-1
3. L-selectin and E- selectin
4. LFA-1 and MAC-1
5. TNF and IL-1

With respect to apoptosis

1. Inactivation of the Caspase group of enzymes is the central pathway
2. The mitochondrial pathway ( the intrinsic pathway) is responsible for apoptosis only in pathological situations
3. Survival signals and growth factors stimulate the production of antiapoptotic proteins
4. The chief roles of apoptosis is the removal of fragments of dead cells
5. Apoptotic cells become swollen, deeply basophilic and retain their original shape

Concerning urinary bladder carcinoma

1. Chronic urinary bladder infections constitute the mos important risk factors
2. Invasion of lamina propria confers the worse prognosis on patients
3. Invasive urothelial carcinomas usually do not have precursor lesions
4. only pappilary type has the capacity to invade the muscular coat of the bladder
5. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers have a high tendency to recur